“Be careful,” my father warned. “Don’t run around the house with that sharp thing in your hand. Slow down. You could hurt somebody.” “Old peoples’ advice,” I thought to myself as I raced by. “Besides, my father is a dayan. Judges always anticipate the worst.”

When it comes to preservation of life, we should all anticipate the worst.

The Rambam tells us there are three degrees of unintentional murder:

The first degree mentioned by the Rambam is גמורה ההורג בשגגה והעלמה — unintentional murder in situations where accidents are prone to happen and could be avoided with a little more concern for public safety. Such might be the case when one is installing an air conditioning unit in an upper story window overlooking the street. The laws of gravity work against you. Perhaps some safety precautions were taken, but maybe there could have been more. The unit plunges to the street and a passer-by is fatally hurt. In the days of the Sanhedrin, one would have been banished to an open prison known as עיר מקלט – Ir Miklat, City of Refuge.

These ערי מקלט — Arei Miklat, Cities of Refuge, served a dual purpose. The punishment of being confined within its borders served as atonement for the sin of not being more careful. The Arei Miklat also protected the inadvertent killer from the vengeance of the גואל הדם— goel hadam, the deceased’s closest relative, who would be acquitted of murder if he or she killed the inadvertent killer, out of emotional distress, outside the Ir Miklat.

The second degree is ההורג בשגגה קרוב לאונס — unintentional murder in situations in which even the most diligent safety precautions could not have prevented the accident. Such might be the case when one is driving attentively within the legal speed limit and the victim darts out right in front of one’s car. In this situation, the Sanhedrin would completely exonerate the inadvertent killer,who would not be banished to the Ir Miklat, but would be free to go home. The inadvertent killer needs no atonement because he did nothing wrong. The goel hadam would be guilty of murder if he or she killed him.

The third degree is ההורג בשגגה קרובה לזדון — unintentional murder as a result of reckless or negligent behavior. Examples might be running about in a confined, populated area with an unsheathed knife, or backing up a car in the street without looking behind. In this situation, the Sanhedrin would not banish the killer to the Ir Miklat because the sin is so grave that confinement there will not atone for it. If the goel hadam kills the inadvertent killer, he or she will be acquitted of murder.

Six Arei Miklat were established in Israel, one of them being the city of Hebron. In addition there were 42 ערי לוים — Arei Levi’im, cities that belonged to the Levi’im, that also served as sanctuaries for the inadvertent killer but provided a lesser degree of protection.

All persons accused of murder were confined to the Arei Miklat during their trial in the Sanhedrin. If they were found to have killed intentionally, and the conditions permitting execution were present, they were executed. If they were found to have committed unintentional murder, of the second- or third-degree described above, they were released. If they were found to have committed first-degree, unintentional murder they were banished to the Arei Miklat.

Once inside the Ir Miklat, the law prohibited the goel hadam from avenging the deceased’s blood. But if the inadvertent killer ever ventured outside the Ir Miklat, this protection was removed. Similarly, the goel hadam would be acquitted of murder if he or she killed the inadvertent killer after the verdict, on the way to the Ir Miklat.

The inadvertent killer would remain confined to the Ir Miklat until the death of the כהן גדול — Kohen Gadol, the High Priest. Following the death of the Kohen Gadol, he would be allowed to return home and the goel hadam would no longer have any license to kill him. One could well imagine that in these circumstances the inadvertent killer would pray fervently for the death of the Kohen Gadol. According to the Talmud, the Kohen Gadol was deserving of such harmful prayers because had he beseeched God earnestly enough during the Yom Kippur service to spare Israel from such tragedies, the accident might never have happened.

The road to the Arei Miklat had to be a well-maintained, unobstructed freeway so that the inadvertent killer could get there safely without being ambushed by the goel hadam. The Arei Miklat themselves had to be equipped with all the services and amenities necessary to live a “normal” life so that the inadvertent killer would not be tempted to venture outside and risk his life. The Kohen Gadol’s mother would supply food, drink and clothing so that the inadvertent killer would not pray for the Kohen Gadol’s premature death.

Raphael Grunfeld, a partner at the Wall Street law firm of Carter Ledyard & Milburn LLP, received Semichah in Yoreh Yoreh from Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem of America and in Yadin Yadin from Harav Haga’on Dovid Feinstein, Zt”l. This article is an extract from Raphael’s book “Ner Eyal: A Guide to Seder Nashim, Nezikin, Kodashim, Taharot and Zerai’m” available for purchase at www.amazon.com/dp/057816731X or by e-mailing Raphael at [email protected].