Search
Close this search box.
October 9, 2024
Search
Close this search box.

Linking Northern and Central NJ, Bronx, Manhattan, Westchester and CT

When Hurricane Sandy struck New York in 2012, it was a brutal wake up call for the Big Apple. That call should have also been heard by the citizens of every other coastal city and those responsible for ensuring their safety— though there is little evidence that it has.

Sandy was the largest ever recorded At­lantic hurricane and, after Katrina, the second most costly, causing damage of around US$70 billion in the US alone. Hundreds of people were killed and hundreds of thousands made homeless along the storm’s path through the Caribbean, US, and Canada. But while 24 US states were affected, it was the inundation of Lower Manhattan that generated the largest shock waves.

The death, destruction and general hav­oc wreaked by Sandy laid bare the inadequa­cies of current approaches to coastal flood risk management, generating a storm of pub­lic outrage. Hurricane Katrina’s devastation of New Orleans in 2005 had been bad enough, but images of one of the world’s most icon­ic coastal cities being inundated by a storm surge despite several days advance warning were truly shocking. If it could happen to New York City, isn’t every other coastal communi­ty also at risk of catastrophic flooding? The sci­entific answer to that question is, of course, an emphatic yes.

The Rebuild by Design competition held to promote radical new approaches to pro­tecting the city has now identified six win­ning projects, and it’s apparent that all are substantially based on using green and blue infrastructure to provide more natu­ral and flexible defense than concrete walls. These defenses work by mimicking the natu­ral functions of coastal wetlands, woodlands, barrier beaches and offshore reefs in sapping the energy of waves and storm surges to re­duce their height and rob them of destruc­tive strength. Between storms, they provide a wide range of habitats necessary to sup­port diverse ecosystems, providing leisure and commercial opportunities, including lost natural resources such as fisheries and oyster beds.

The lesson from Sandy is that while there are good reasons why huge population cent­ers have developed adjacent to and just a few feet above the ocean, living there involves flood riska risk that cannot be eliminated, but can, and must, be reduced to a level that is ac­ceptable, or at least tolerable. This applies not only to coastal cities in the US, but to every coastal conurbation and, especially, to Asian mega-cities. Easily said, but how can this be done?

Radical change is needed

It won’t be through business as usual, or even incremental changes to conven­tional flood risk management approach­es. Following the European floods of the late 1990s and early 2000s, the UK govern­ment’s Flood Foresight paper reinforced the message that hard choices have to be made. It’s such a pity that, with subsequent severe flooding in Britain and elsewhere, from Aus­tralia to Zimbabwe, it seems the lesson has to be learned repeatedly and the hard way.

The need for radical new thinking did not go unrecognized in New Orleans. But the understandable, though scientifical­ly and socially flawed, decision to simply rebuild breached defenses and devastat­ed neighborhoods prevailed. Proposals to re-locate communities away from highest risk areas and return the most vulnerable land to its previous role of providing nat­ural flood protection were ignored. Even the Green NOLA design competition in 2006, which set out to deliver “visionary yet practical responses” to the city’s prob­lems, lacked the backing it needed from the authorities.

Good design, fit to purpose and budget

But the Rebuild by Design competition is different to that in New Orleans. It has the backing of the Federal Department of Housing and Urban Development, which gives the winning designs a real chance of being built. The designers seem to have en­gaged directly with communities and busi­ness owners at risk to find solutions that are not only radical, but which reflect the preferences of the people who will live and work around them every day.

It is an uncomfortable truth that the level of flood defense that can be provided to a community is limited by the value of the assets at risk. The solution has to make sense economically, which is why London is protected against a one-in-a-thousand-year flood, while Hemsby on the Norfolk coast is economically undefendable.

In Lower Manhattan, not just densely packed public housing, iconic buildings, and infrastructure such as the subway and electricity sub-stations are at risk, but Wall Street itself. This explains why there’s sub­stantial funding available to provide pro­tection against another Sandy-sized surge. The winning concept for Lower Manhat­tan, a green design that includes parkland and a banked earth flood wall around the tip of the island named the “Big U,” is cost­ed at US$335m—a considerable sum but easily justified when compared to what’s at risk.

The blue-green advantage

The aim of using blue-green infrastruc­ture in place of the old fashioned grey kind is to recreate a naturally-oriented water cy­cle that contributes to the amenity of the city by bringing together water and envi­ronmental management. This is achieved by combining and protecting the hydro­logical and ecological values of the urban landscape while providing resilient and adaptive measures to deal with flood and drought events. In this spirit, the Big U cre­ates publicly accessible green spaces that will deliver social, economic and environ­mental benefits even when the defenses are not keeping out storm surges, which is of course most of the time.

The project’s other great advantage is that it’s adaptable. Not only will it provide protec­tion now, it also allows for a planned retreat from the coastline should that be necessary in future. This could be the case if, for example, melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet drives a larger than expected rise in sea level: unlikely, but not impossible.

But what about neighborhoods not home to a global financial hub? Neighbor­ing communities on Staten Island and in Hoboken, New Jersey, are typical of dozens of ordinary towns and cities along the east coast affected by Sandy. While in sight of Manhattan, they are in different leagues, economically. They too were considered in Rebuild by Design, leading to five winning projects for other areas around the coasts of New York City and New Jersey, and run­ning the total cost up to around US$1 bil­lion.

According to Rebuild by Design, Staten Island merits US$60m of investment in Living Breakwaters and artificial reefs that provide sustainable coastal defense while restoring the valuable shoreline and marine ecosystems previously sacrificed to conventional concrete sea walls.

On the other hand Hoboken is envis­aged as a Resiliency District where, by re­ducing the vulnerability of homes, busi­nesses and infrastructure to flooding that cannot be prevented economically, it is hoped public-private finance will step in to support badly needed urban renew­al. The initial cost of US$230m is afford­able, but is just the start, and building a resilient community will require concert­ed, long-term investment by government and local businesses, which makes the fu­ture for Hoboken rather less secure than that of Lower Manhattan, or even Staten Island.

In it for the long term

The Rebuild by Design competition has produced worthy winners that address cur­rent flood risks effectively and affordably, while leaving space for adaptation to an uncertain future, recreating lost habitats and providing public green spaces of con­siderable socio-economic value. The win­ning solutions are sustainable in that they use science responsibly to conceive radi­cal solutions that offer economic security while greening the urban landscape and re­storing shoreline environments.

But the jury is still out on whether even these radical new approaches can deliver these benefits in ways that are socially eq­uitable. In practice, this will depend more on good governance than creative engi­neering, something outside the scope of any design team. Achieving social justice in flood risk management relies on the will­ingness of people not just to get involved but to stay involved long after the damage of the trigger event has been repaired and the trauma, though dreadful, has passed. If Rebuilding by Design can lay the foun­dations for long-term community engage­ment in managing flood risk in New York and New Jersey it will fully deserve all the plaudits it looks likely to receive.

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Colin Thorne receives funding from the EPSRC. The Uni­versity of Nottingham provides funding as a Founding Partner of The Conversation. not­tingham.ac.uk/

By Colin Thorne Professor, Chair of Physical Geography at University of Nottingham

Leave a Comment

Most Popular Articles