Torah study for its own sake has great merit, but if we stop there, we miss the timeless opportunities to apply it to our lives, gain greater insight, and help us to live God’s mitzvot in the journey to always becoming better people. This idea is clearly expressed in the Talmudic teaching, “Turn it and turn it, for everything is in it” (Pirkei Avot 5:22), encouraging us to continually learn and reinterpret the Torah in the context of our changing world. Parshat Mishpatim, which follows the revelation at Mount Sinai, is an obvious example of this. This portion, with its detailed legal code spanning various societal issues, is not only a historical account but a guide for establishing a just and ethical society today; something we all should be devoted to during these turbulent times.
The laws in Parshat Mishpatim encompass a broad range of societal norms, from the treatment of servants to the principles of justice and property rights. The portion begins with the laws of servitude (Exodus 21:2-6), which emphasize dignity and rights for servants—a concept that resonates strongly with modern discussions about labor rights, fair wages, and the ethical treatment of employees. This ancient law, which mandates the release of servants after six years, can be seen as an early form of advocating for workers’ rights.
The principle of “eye for an eye” (Exodus 21:23-25), often misunderstood as advocating retributive justice, actually sets a precedent for proportionate justice. This principle, deeply embedded in today’s legal frameworks, ensures that penalties and compensations are in line with the harm caused; maintaining fairness and preventing escalations of violence. This concept has been very much in the news with the ongoing war in Gaza. Those who truly understand Hamas and their intentions can only conclude that Israel’s response is proportional to the attacks of October 7 and Hamas’ subsequent threats.
The laws concerning property and self-defense (Exodus 22:1-4) present a nuanced view of property rights, balancing the right to protect one’s possessions with the sanctity of human life. This perspective is particularly relevant in today’s discussions on the ethics of self-defense and property rights, emphasizing the value of human life even in the defense of material possessions. We have seen too many examples in recent years of overzealous homeowners making horrific mistakes and killing innocent people.
Mishpatim is clear about the importance of social justice in its call for equity (Exodus 23:6-9), instructing never to deny justice to the poor. This mitzvah is a timeless reminder of the need for an equitable justice system, ensuring fair access to legal representation and the impact of socioeconomic status on legal outcomes. I imagine that, in principle, we all agree with this idea. The challenge is how to implement this just vision in a fractured society. As Jews, who have a long history of being oppressed and denied basic rights, we can never forfeit our responsibility to take a lead in this fight for justice.
Parshat Mishpatim serves as a powerful reminder of the Torah’s enduring relevance. Its ancient laws continue to speak to us, offering guidance on building a society founded on justice, equity, and compassion. In a world that often seems to stray from these values, Mishpatim reminds us of the ongoing journey from Sinai, carrying forward the eternal teachings of the Torah into the complexities of our modern lives. As we engage with these laws, we are continually reminded to apply the wisdom of the Torah to our current circumstances, ensuring that its teachings remain vibrant and relevant in guiding our collective moral compass.
Steve Freedman is the head of school at the Solomon Schechter Day School of Bergen County. Previously, he served as head of school at the Hillel Day School in Farmington Hills, Michigan for 16 years, and was a member of the board of the Association of Independent Michigan Schools (AIMS). Steve is a graduate of the Jewish Theological Seminary. Among his proudest accomplishments are his family; together with his wife Joan, he is the father of four and grandparent of five.
